The Genetic Control and Cytoplasmic Expression of 'Inducibility' in the synthesis of B-galactosidase" (1959), by Arthur B. Pardee, Francois Jacob, and Jacques Monod

Between 1957 and 1959, Arthur Pardee, François Jacob, and Jacques Monod [5] conducted a set of experiments at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, that was later called the PaJaMa Experiments, a moniker derived from the researchers' last names. In these experiments, they described how genes [6] of a species of single-celled bacteria, called Escherichia coli [7] (E. coli ), controlled the processes by which enzymes were produced in those bacteria. In 1959, the researchers published their results in a paper titled "The Genetic Control and Cytoplasmic Expression of 'Inducibility' in the Synthesis of ?-galactosidase by E. coli". When they compared mutated strains of E. coli to a normal strain, Pardee, Jacob, and Monod identified the abnormal regulation [8] processes and enzymes produced by the mutated genes [6]. The results showed how enzymes break down the molecules that the bacteria ingested. The PaJaMas experiments uncovered some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate how some genes [6] yield enzymes in many species.